Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

It was established as the Jewish quarter and "ghetto," with an additional "t," has gone ringing down history ever since as the name for any Jewish quarter anywhere and, in very recent times, for any city area occupied largely by any minority group. Again, a vicious cycle was established. The Jews were forced to dress differently and live separately and were then hated for being different and exclusive. … an equal pound of your fair flesh.. . Shylock's point is that he can scarcely be expected to lend money to someone who has treated him with such scorn and hatred. If Antonio had, at this point, been diplomatic, the loan might have been made in ordinary fashion and that would have been that. Instead, however, Antonio answers cruelly: I am as like to call thee so [dog] again, To spit on thee again, to spurn thee too.   —Act I, scene iii, lines 127-28 This is utterly out of character for Antonio, who throughout the play is shown to be the soul of courtesy, gentleness, and love, and in the end has mercy even on Shylock ...»